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Google results linking domains refer to the number of unique domains that link to a specific webpage that appears in the search engine results pages (SERPs) of Google. In other words, if multiple websites link to a particular page, it can indicate that the content on that page is high-quality and relevant to the topic.

Google considers the quality and quantity of backlinks to a webpage as a ranking factor in its algorithm. Therefore, pages with a higher number of linking domains may have a better chance of ranking higher in search results for relevant queries. However, it's important to note that not all links are created equal, and Google also takes into account other factors such as the relevance and authority of the linking domains.

To check the number of linking domains for a webpage, you can use various SEO tools such as Ahrefs, Moz, Majestic, or SEMrush. These tools can provide you with a detailed analysis of a website's backlink profile, including the number of linking domains, the authority of those domains, and other metrics that can help you evaluate the quality of a website's backlinks.

When you check the linking domains of a root domain, you may see Google results from other countries because search results can vary depending on your location and search settings. This does not necessarily mean that all of these domains are linking to your root domain.

To determine if a link from a foreign website is considered spam or not, you should evaluate the quality and relevance of the linking website. If the website is a reputable source in its respective country or language, and the link is relevant to your content, then it can be considered a legitimate link. On the other hand, if the linking website has low-quality content or appears to be part of a network of spammy websites, then the link may be considered spam.

It's important to note that the quantity of links is not the only factor that search engines consider when evaluating the quality and relevance of a website. The quality and relevance of the linking website, the anchor text used for the link, and the context of the link all play a role in determining the value of a link.

In summary, the appearance of search results from other countries when checking the linking domains of a root domain is not necessarily an indication of spammy links. To evaluate the quality of a link, you should consider the relevance and reputation of the linking website.